The Louisiana Purchase Free Essays

Depict the occasions prompting the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory in 1803. Talk about the conditions of the settlement and how Jefferson accommodated his exacting understanding of the Constitution with the securing of the domain. Before the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the whole Louisiana domain secured what is today known as the Midwest. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Louisiana Purchase or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now The acquisition of the land was a stupendous advance in the extension of the United States. Thomas Jefferson turned into the second leader of the United States in 1800 and accepted control in 1801.He imagined a general public of autonomous ranchers that were liberated from the limitations of modern towns and the hordes of European urban areas (Brinkley p. 181). In 1763, France lost control of the Louisiana Territory to Great Britain. Under the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800, France recovered control of Louisiana in a securing that Napoleon Bonaparte trusted would turn into the core of the incomparable French domain in America (Brinkley p. 200). Napoleon imagine a French domain that would control a significant part of the exchange and set up French strength in the New World.All was not well inside the French realm however; African slaves in San Domingo would revolt under the administration of Toussaint L’Ouverture in the West Indies. Napoleon would need to send a military to reestablish request in the Indies. This revolt was nevertheless the beginning of the issues of Napoleon understanding his aspirations in America (Brinkley p. 200). Thomas Jefferson had started to rethink his relationship with France after he learned of the mystery arrangement in which France recaptured Louisiana.Jefferson had gotten significantly progressively frightened in the fall of 1802 when he discovered that the Spanish intendant who controlled the Louisiana Territory had reported another guideline (Brinkley p. 200). American vessels had since a long time ago utilized the Mississippi River as a flexibly course to get payload to New Orleans so as to stack sea headed boats for trade. The new guideline uncovered by the Spanish precluded the utilization of the course viably closing down the lower Mississippi. After learning of the new guideline, Jefferson sent his French represetative to arrange the acquisition of New Orleans (Brinkley p. 00). His envoy, Robert Livingston, willingly volunteered to attempt to buy most of western Louisiana too. While Livingston was attempting to get Louisiana, Jefferson had convinced Congress to proper assets to extend the military and the development of a stream armada (Brinkley p. 200). Jefferson needed to give the deception that the US had joined forces with the British if the issues with France were not settled soon. In no time a while later, Napoleon chose to acknowledge the United States offer to buy Louisiana. On April 30, 1803, James Monroe and Richard Livingston consented to the arrangement with France for the buy. The United States bought Louisiana from the French for $80,000,000 francs ($15mil US. ). The US likewise needed to guarantee certain elite business benefits to France and to fuse its occupants into the Union (Brinkley p. 201). The understanding expressed that Louisiana would involve the â€Å"same extent† as it had when France and Spain had controlled it (Brinkley p. 202). Thomas Jefferson was satisfied with the procurement of Louisiana yet was uncertain on the off chance that he had the position to acknowledge the understanding terms. He was persuaded by his counsels that with this bargain making power under the Constitution, that his acknowledgment of the understanding was supported. In 1803, the French expected control of Louisiana from Spain and promptly moved the rights to the domain to the United States. Louisiana was conceded into the Union as a perceived state in 1812. Brinkley p. 202) The acquisition of Louisiana was a significant advance in the improvement of the Midwestern United States. Dealing with the region from France helped the United States recapture the ability to ship products down the Mississippi River to get to the port of New Orleans. This was a serious deal to the United States as New Orleans was the point of convergence of moving merchandise over the sea for export.Bibliography †¢ Brinkley, A. (2007). American History: A Survey. Boston: McGraw Hill. Step by step instructions to refer to The Louisiana Purchase, Papers

Subculture Essay Example

Subculture Essay Example Subculture Essay Subculture Essay To begin the article, it is important to adapt altogether the significance of the word culture. From where did this word come? Essentially, ‘Culture’ is a word, which implies progress, and where there is a human advancement, there is a gathering of individuals living respectively as networks having a place with various standings. Culture is a word gotten from the Latin word cultura, which intends to develop. Development here can be taken in various implications. In any case, this doesn't just mean the development of ripe grounds yet the genuine top to bottom significance to this importance is to develop a general public by framing solidarity among the individuals. At the point when we talk about culture, numerous things are delivered from its arrangement. From this word as well as ascends in the human body that cells make up tissues, tissues make up muscles. A similar framework is with each development of person. Same as that at whatever point we talk about culture, subsequent to characterizing it the second thing that comes in the brain is society. Society discovers its way from the formation of culture, its standards or mores and customs. In any case, here the inquiry emerges that what do we have to make a superior society? Just culture? In the event that lone culture, at that point what is so proficient reality in culture that it is a key to make a general public? The appropriate response is straightforward.            To make a general public it is important to make customs and mores. At the point when we make our customs and mores, we name it culture. Through the making of conventions and mores culture appear anyway individuals have confidence in their purported man made convictions and this leads towards the making of a general public. Before society it is a vital advance to examine some insight regarding more s and conventions. Custom also is a Latin word known as traditio. The assistance of Latin words delivers the greater part of the expressions of the English language. As per most basic meanings of custom, it is a man made word significance of convictions which are made by man. Man made his own restrictions, divine beings, goddesses, religions and customs. Some confine themselves in the constraints of their societies or customs anyway a considerable lot of them utilize their strategy of numbness towards these convictions. Other than making every one of these laws and customs, one more thing that emerges for the improvement of individuals are mores. Mores direct the individuals towards the great deeds and it frees the idea from good and bad from the brains of individuals. To build up a general public it is important to deliver new and propelled mores in which there ought to be a severe lawfulness and society ought to be founded based on realities, not on those convictions, which are made by the individuals themselves. Mores can construct a general public and mores can likewise assume a significant job in the annihilation of the general public. It has been discovered that nothing is impeccable in this world. Everything has negative and positive perspectives., yet it relies upon our attitude that what we need to do in light of the fact that it resembles a model that positive side of a magnet consistently pull in the negative side and the negative one draws in the positive side. It has been demonstrated that individuals discover their ways towards the mores of their own will. At the point when they think making the most of their negative exercises, at that point they have no space for the improvement of the state, nation o city in which they dwell. Nonetheless, the central matter here is that who is the principle guilty party behind the formation of such negative viewpoints in the general public? May be it is simply the general public who accuse their own kin when they are accomplishing something incorrectly. It has been all around stated, â€Å"Society readies the wrongdoing, and the criminal perpetrates it†. In this expression a few deficiencies of the general public have been featured just as the issues of the individuals likewise have been featured who are so feeble by mind in an imaginative period that they are utilizing their brains. The entirety of the above proclamations explain that it is the general public who’s pessimistic and constr uctive influences lead the psyches of the individuals towards annihilation. We see numerous imperfections in our general public when we watch it intently. These days, with the data blast all fault for debasing youthful personalities lies intensely on the shoulders of the media. This isn’t so; individuals don’t get degenerate riding the net or sitting in front of the TV. These media offer a wide assortment of alternatives, so can any anyone explain why our childhood does without the positive parts of the media and will in general go retain the negative impacts? I feel that our childhood is insightful enough to comprehend what is acceptable and what is hurtful for them. Instruction, cover, wellbeing, opportunity of articulation, security of individuals, equitable standards, and equity are the premise of each cultivated society. However, lamentably what we find in our general public are lies, absence of education, destitution and foul play. These antagonistic parts of society that the vast majority experience compel them on to the way of debasement and in this manner being disappointed by their conditions they are pulled in towards various indecencies. On the off chance that we need to build up our country it is significant that our childhood are instructed and have adequate chances to channelize their energies a positive way. Guardians ought to support their child’s imagination and must give them chances to practice their independence in a free domain. This will assist kids with developing into sound, insightful creatures who comprehend that they reserve an option to their thoughts yet they can't force their thoughts on another person. This will raise a climate of resilience and will give the nation soundness. Other than this, more offices for sports and amusement must be given with the goal that the adolescent don’t sit around idly time before the Internet or TV. We should likewise give them occupations with the goal that they become monetarily steady and should follow merit at the same time, so the ideal individuals land the correct positions. This will offer approach to more chances and make room for a superior economy, which will give us a superior lifestyle. Men are so disposed to mollify themselves with what is commonest; the soul and the detects so effectively develop dead to the impressions of the excellent and great, that each one should consider, by all strategies, to feed in his brain the staff of feeling these things. Consequently, one should each day in any event, to hear a little melody, read a decent sonnet, see a fine picture, and, in the event that it were conceivable, to talk a couple of sensible words. (â€Å"Learning Commons†) We should likewise urge our childhood to clutch their customs and qualities. We should push forward yet we should always remember our premise and what our identity is. Here the guardians must educate the kids regarding their customs and must ensure that despite the fact that they push forward on to the way of development they remember their way of life and personality. In this article I have characterized culture, mores conventions and moral qualities however not a particular nation and its way of life. Here, I have accepted the UK as a nation. The United Kingdom is a piece of Europe. However, here to know the subculture of the UK, it is important to comprehend what subculture is. Culture is an enlightened society of individuals dependent on man made mores, morals conventions and customs. At that point what subculture is? How it is made and what are the elements behind its creation? Subculture can be essentially characterized as various little societies of various halls made in a solitary culture made by the individuals. Each hall is a subculture made by the supporters of the necessary models. Anyway as indicated by web definitions sub culture can be characterized as â€Å"A social gathering with shared attributes that recognize it somehow or another from the bigger social gathering or society where it is installed. By and large, a subculture is recognized either by a binding together arrangement of thoughts as well as practices, (for example, the corporate culture or the medication culture) or by some segment trademark, ( for example, the pre-adult culture or the way of life of poverty)†. (Human Diversity in Education) Subculture currently has been altogether characterized however I would clear the European subculture. Subcultures are produced using societies and each subculture affects itself of its own way of life. In practically all Western nations even Europe the way of life is same. Drinking, nightlife and pre-marriage connections are regular in these sorts of nations. Here the individuals who structure their own subcultures take pretty much every angle that they think would be useful in making their own subcultures. Subcultures have their own classes and sorts. The adolescents make youth subcultures and they are the individuals who structure various subcultures from their conventional culture. Each individuals in the European culture make its own subculture like gays. Gays are considered as a dishonorable piece of the general public. So when they feel debased among other typical individuals of their general public, they thought to assemble a portion of the individuals of their gay network and made their own gay subculture. In the entirety of this numerous individuals like this who feel ignored or the ones who feel that they are given more significance in the general public make their gatherings of the particular name or sort of which they are making their subcultures. In these subcultures, they are confined to advance their subcultures and adhere to all the standards and ought to comply with the adherents of the subculture. Presently let us talk about the elements of European sub societies Drinking, Nightlife, Pubs, Discos, Clubs and differ ent deplorable exercises, for example, medications, carrying and killing are a piece of European culture. This has been a clashing circumstance for the thinkers who study the sub societies of their countries. In Europe the exercises, which are viewed as revolting in the underdeveloped nations, are the way of life of western nations. Individuals of western nations think these activities as a piece of their way of life however in underdeveloped nations, these exercises are named as hostile or ill-advised. The individuals and youth of the western c

Introduction to Organisations and Management Essay - 7

Prologue to Organizations and Management - Essay Example The work power is the one of the most critical assets for a business association and its efficiency relies upon the authoritative culture, structure, administration, inspiration, correspondence and so forth. Accordingly, the executives needs to consider these fundamental elements for getting improvement profitability level contributed by the work power. Generally, the entrepreneurs used to see the employees’ related costs as an additional expense of the organization; though, according to the post-present day hierarchical ideas, the administrations have understood the workers as imperative ventures for an organization which will have return in future. In this way, the nature structure and procedure of for finishing an errand has changed essentially in contrast with the previous periods (Sole and Costa, 2001, p.2-3). Dodgson, Gann and Salter have distinguished the two worldview of administrations dependent on customary and current idea. The accompanying the table delineate the o ld worldview of the administrations and the changed worldview of the board. Table 1: Old and New Paradigm of Management (Source: Dodgson, Gann and Salter, 2008, p.42) according to the above table, it tends to be seen that the association in the post-present day age become entirely adaptable and development situated. The associations that have effectively comprehended and consolidated these progressions are fruitful in an industry in contrast with organizations following old worldview of the board (Dodgson, Gann and Salter, 2008, p.42-43). This paper will endeavor to talk about association the board of the different organizations for example Watsons Engine Components and H and M Consulting dependent on two contextual investigations. The paper will concentrate on correlation of the specific regions of the two organizations through examinations by utilizing models and hypotheses. The significant territories identifying with association the board of the two organizations will be authori tative plan and structure, groups and group working, way to deal with administration and the executives, and way to deal with initiative and the board. 2. Hierarchical plan and structure The initial phase in the effective overseeing association is to make a sound and smooth administration dynamic procedure which is essential for accomplishing the authoritative development. Senior and Fleming has depicted that â€Å"the structure of an association is the conventional method for distinguishing who is assuming liability for what; who is to execute authority over who; and who is to be responsible to whom† (Senior and Fleming, 2009, p.78). Accordingly, the association structure principally centers around the procedure of the dynamic and it includes the top administrations who are liable for taking basic administration choices. For planning a development arranged association, an ideal association structure is compulsory and every one of the top level administration must distinguish the plays their obligation thinking about winning situation for accomplishing the most ideal result. Mcshane and Travaglione have recognized two key fundamentals for creating hierarchical structure. These two crucial necessities are division of work and coordination. The division of work is useful in forming the specific aptitudes and coordination implies the relationship status among the representatives and top level administrations. The coordination can be accomplished through â€Å"Informal communication†, â€Å"Formal hierarchy†

Two sides of the same coin Evaluating 74th Constitutional Amendment Act - Free Essay Example

Two sides of the same coin: Evaluating 74th Constitutional Amendment Act Abstract: To strengthen the position of urban governance in a more organized manner, the government of India took a pivotal initiative through the enactment of the 74th Constitution Amendment Act. In this paper I attempt to analyse the role of 74th constitutional amendment in increasing the functionality, authority and efficiency of the urban local bodies, in terms of the powers rendered to the urban local bodies under the 74th constitutional amendment. I attempt to analyse the effective and efficient implementation of the 74th constitutional amendment by including a small case study of urban governance in the city of Chandigarh, Punjab. Introduction: The system of local service delivery through the means of local government bodies began with a Budget Speech by a member of viceroyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s council Samuel Laing, he proposed that local services should be based on local resources. Local governance bodies have been a part of Indian governance system since the British Era, the first Municipal Corporation was set up in Madras in 1688 followed by Bombay and Calcutta. In the beginning local governance bodies were mere implementation instrument of state governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s activities but since the introduction of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, there has been a change in this status quo. Since the early 1990s there has been a lot of initiative undertaken by the Government of India which were aimed at decentralisation of urban governance, this was the part of adoption of neo-liberal policies adopted by the government after facing failure of the state-led development model, as for under this model the governme nt kept its role secondary giving more importance to market oriented approaches. Under this step taken by the Government of India enactment of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, was one such initiative, this gave constitutional recognition to urban local bodies and a constitutional right to exist. AnewTwelfthScheduletotheConstitutionprovidesrecommendedlistoflocalfunctions. Under the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, it requires the state governments of all the states to amend their respective municipal laws so as to increase the powers and authority of the urban local bodies, as quoting the line for the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“withsuchpowersandauthorityasmaybenecessarytoenablethemtofunctionasinstitutionsofselfgovernanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act provides a base to the state the ability to transfer certain responsibility and authority to the urban local bodies i.e. municipalities in order to provide a strong base for mu nicipal local governance in cities, in this regard several state government has amended their state legislature in the same regard. Under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, it is mandatory to undertake the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act and implement in the respective state legislatures. It is under the article 243ZE of the constitution which requires all the state governments to review the existing municipal laws and either repeal or modify those which are inconsistent with the provision of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act within one year from the commencement of the Act.[1] 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in a nutshell: Features and Issues Features of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act 74th Constitutional Amendment has been constituted in congruence with the idea of new public management. Under this concept the major role the state play is of withdrawing itself from directly influencing the market activities and let demand and supply correct the course of market. One of the features of this concept is that the government breaks down the huge monolithic government beaurcracies, which refers to heavy decentralisation of responsibilities and authorities. According to my understanding the enactment of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act is very much influenced by this characteristic of new public management. Before the enactment of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act the role of urban local bodies was merely of implementation of activities undertaken by state and national government. Constitutional status has been granted to the urban local bodies under the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, under which a three tier structure of the urban local bodies has been env isaged. Formation of Municipal Corporation for larger area with higher populations the example of this can be Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, and creation of municipal councils for smaller areas which includes towns like Upleta in Gujarat, and creation of village panchayats for villages that are in transitions to become towns. Under this amendment the governing members of the municipal corporation are being elected by the people through an election in a similar way in which the members of the lok sabha are elected, the election is conducted, managed and regulated by the state election commission. This indicates that the democracy has established deep roots in the political system of the country. Under article 243Y, it makes it mandatory for every state to establish a state finance commission as it is defined by article 243I. The function of the state finance commission is advising the Governor of the state regarding the distribution of funds between state and municipalities w hich also includes the revenue generated from tolls, taxes and duties. The state finance commission also acts as a auditing organisation which scrutinises the employment of the finances to the urban local bodies. The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in its article 243ZD and 243ZE makes it mandatory to form committee for district planning in each district and committee for metropolitan planning in every metropolitan area. These committees endeavour to provide newer dimension for the role of citizens and its elected representatives in preparation of plans for their respective regions, infrastructure plan being it most important component. It is sometimes that cities in the same districts share certain natural resources or problems like allocation of water, waste management which might create overlapping situations; it is the function of committee for district planning to cater to such scenarios. Whereas committee for metropolitan planning caters to the increasing infrastructure an d amenities demand in metropolitan cities due to expansion of its boundaries or population. Under this act the urban local bodies are endowed with responsibilities for formulation and implementation of schemes for economic and social development, the subjects for the same have been specified under the 12th schedule i.e. article 243W. Issues in the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act The enactment of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act marks a transformation in the role of urban local governing bodies in terms of the urban governing bodies being constitutionalised and substantial authorities being granted to them under the act regarding decision making to acquiring finance, but still certain questions remained unanswered. The first issue in implementation of the act is the identification and demarcation rural and urban areas. In states like Gujarat, West Bengal, Kerala, approximately two third of towns are non-municipal towns.[2] Even though these towns in these states have higher prevalence of non-agricultural activities these town are not recognised as cities and are still under the status of villages, this is because under the status of villages the state government can sanction grant for implementation of projects for rural development like MNREGA, NREGA etc. while on the other hand if these area are classified as cites the states would not be able to sanction money for such developmental activities from the government and the state itself will be responsible to provide grants for further infrastructure development in these newly formed cities. The implication of this is that the local bodies lose out on better sources of finance. Therefore due to the vested interest of the members of the political structure of the state barriers are created in the implementation of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act. The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act makes the urban local bodies responsible not only for mere implementation of the state directives, but also makes them responsible for carrying out activities for social and economic development under 18 subject mentioned under schedule 12 i.e. article 243W, but the act does not make it clear how the three tier bodies i.e. municipal corporations, municipal councils and nagar panchayats will work in synchrony in order to accomplish this tasks. The act leaves it to the discretion of the stat e to work out the arrangement in this regard. One of the objectives of enacting 74th Constitutional Amendment Act was increasing people and private participation in urban planning, but due to public and private organisations being suspicious about the functioning of the urban local bodies, there has been no significant change in this regard. Case Study: Implementation of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in Chandigarh I have adopted the following case study from an article by Deepak Sharma titled as: An Evaluation of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act: A Case Study of Chandigarh, India Background Chandigarh is a union territory and a joint capital of the state of Punjab and Haryana. With around 9, 00,000 population it is one of the fastest growing city. The municipal corporation of Chandigarh was formed in 1994 and its jurisdictional area is around 79.34 kms. The municipal corporation of Chandigarh came into being after passing of Punjab Municipal Corporation Law ordinance, 1994 under the Punjab Municipal Corporation Act, 1976. The functioning of the Chandigarh Municipal Corporation is done by formation of various committees that are allocated with different task for the governance of the city. The example committees under the Chandigarh municipal corporation are as follows: Water Supply and Sewerage Committee Roads Committee Slum Development Committee Fire Services Committee Environment City Beautification Committee House Tax Committee Finance Committee Contract Committee Report of findings Under the74th Constitutional Amendment Act, the urban local bodies is also been charged with activities of social and economic development for the empowerment of the citizen of the particular cities, but in Chandigarh there has been incongruence with the mandates of the act, where the Chandigarh Municipal Corporation has been partially endowed with such responsibility education and health and the Chandigarh administration maintains a monopoly, this lead to overlapping functions, and it is conceptually against what has been mandated in the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act. As per the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, the members of the urban local bodies have to be elected by the people of the city, this what has been implemented in the Chandigarh Municipal Corporation as well, but as the members of the municipal board belong to different political parties, there has been difference of opinion regarding decision making and implementation of project, which in turn delays or eith er sabotages the developmental or infrastructural initiative by the Chandigarh municipal corporation at times, here there has not been a failure of the act, but this is because of different political parties acting as per their own vested interest. The municipal corporation in Chandigarh faces issue of funds accumulation because of two reasons. The first being that the funding grants are in the hands of Chandigarh administration which at times end up either blocking or delaying transfer of funds to the Chandigarh municipal corporation and the second being the inefficient state finance commission. Even if the funds are being allocated only a small fraction is employed in implementation of project as due to the layer of political agents that end up utilising funds from their own purposes. As mentioned above that the Chandigarh municipal corporation has been facing dearth of funds, one of the reason is that the municipal corporation has failed to recover tax arrears, majorly thes e tax arrears has been because there has been defaulters amongst liquor vendors and water tariffs. Thus this implies 1) there is an improper record system in the Chandigarh municipal corporation leading to arrears as large as $112,375,000[3], 2) extensive corruption. Conclusion: From the information about the enactment, features, flaws of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, and by presenting the case study of Chandigarh Municipal Corporation, I finally conclude that the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act is apt in its spirit of empowerment and decentralisation of function and responsibilities to the urban local bodies, but there lies an issue with the effective implementation of the act. In this regard the blame can be given to the still existing beauracratic structure of governance in India leading to rent seeking and red-tapping, but along with this there has been lack of awareness and motivation amongst the public which are an equal part of the governance system. Appendix: References [1] Article: Implementation of the 74th Constitutional Amendment and Integration of city planning and delivery functions. [2] Adopted from article: Features of 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment [3] Figure adopted from Article: Evaluation of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act: A Case Study of Chandigarh, India by Deepak Sharma

The Link Between Social Class And Sheer - 1347 Words

Home Isn’t Where The Heart Is: The Link Between Social Class and Superficiality. Social class filters the rich from the poor†¦ However it does much more than that. Social standings often affects self image and worth. In the Victorian era one s position in this pre-defined social hierarchy affected their whole life. Observations from Charles Dickens’ classic book, Great Expectations, conceives a link between social class - particularly that of England - and superficiality. Generally, the lower a character was financially was often met with the corresponding level of how they are seen by others. These connections can be ascertained through Pip’s actions as a member of the lower class, his change in loyalty and feelings towards others ensuing his gain in fortune - specifically joe - as well as the style of narration in which the story is recalled. The way Pip conveys himself and acts as a member of the lower class represents the humiliation carried by much of the common-laborers in the Victorian era, â€Å"... I was so humiliated, hurt, spurned, offended, angry – sorry – God knows what it s name was – that tears started to my eyes† (Dickens 48). This reflects a strong sense of self depreciation and failure at a young age. These feelings was often imposed due to how strict and defined social boundaries were. The event occurs early on in the book when Pip is only beginning to be introduced to Miss Havisham and Estella and has not learned any gentleman traits yet, he feelsShow MoreRelatedA Rose For Emily Character Analysis1269 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter of Miss Havisham in Charles Dickens, The Great Expectation. The first look at Emily’s reclusive life of a lady clad in black long after her love is lost is so like Ms. Havisham that one cannot help drawing similarities between them. Both be longed to upper-class, both were dealt unfortunately by fate in the matters of heart and both attempted to stop time while the walls crumbled around them. Yet the most captivating aspect of the story is how it provides insights to the society of lateRead More Social Mobility and Woman vs. Lady in Victorian Soceity1025 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Mobility and Woman vs. Lady in Victorian Soceity The transformation of English society during the Victorian era brought with it numerous industrial, cultural, as well as social changes. The overwhelming influx of population from rural to urban areas and the various new job opportunities created by factories and London?s sudden shift to industrialism affected not only the public, but also the personal lives of its residents. A new class system had begun to form, beginning with the emergenceRead MoreA Woman Of Half Body Portrait By Mona Lisa Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagespainting—especially apparent in the sitter’s faint smile—reflects Leonardo’s idea of the cosmic link connecting humanity and nature, making this painting an enduring record of Leonardo’s vision.Mona Lisa is a figure of a woman, dressed in the fashion of her days known as Florentine fashion. The painting represents Lisa Del Giocondo a wife to a Florentine silk merchant who was wealthy. Therefore her dressing represents class and we alth. Her dressing signify magnificent enigma and mystery especially the dark silkRead MoreMexican Society in the eyes of Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim1118 Words   |  5 Pagesgives us the opportunity to explore a current event in Mexican society and the influence of social media which we attempt to view through the eyes of both Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim. We will focus on Karl Marx’s conflict theory of capitalism and Emile Durkheim’s structural functionalism theory of dynamic density. Both theories remain relevant today, and a correlation exists regarding the effect of social media on egoistic versus altruistic states of anomic suicide in present society. In summationRead MoreThe Sexualisation And Popularization Of Feminism Within The 21st Century1296 Words   |  6 Pagessexulisated and popularized version of feminism that has been specifically highlighted within the new millennium. Consequently, I will also discuss how this is tied in to both the objectification, and subjectification of women and the recent shift between the two. Although both dense and daunting, I hope to conclude the essay on a positive note, with a small paragraph dedicated to the optimistic and helpful advances that the feminist movement has and is currently making in tie with its integrationRead MoreAfrican Americans in Prison and the Jim Crow Laws Essay915 Words   |  4 Pages The United States has the biggest prison and jail population in the world not only by population, but also by sheer numbers. Many of these offenders are behind bars for nonviolent drug crimes and statistically more of those non-violent offenders are African American. African Americans are 13% of the United States Population but make up over 40% of the current jail and prison population. A black man is five times more likely to be convicted of a crime than a white man in the United States. How farRead MoreMarimekko Venture Into India1375 Words   |  6 PagesTO FOREIGN INVESTMENT AFTER LONG SOCIALISM. LOT OF MULTINATIONALS ENTERED INDIAN MARKET INDIAN IT SECTOR BOOM OFF-SOURCING JOBS TO LOW PAID WORKFORCE †¢ START OF HIGHLY EDUCATED, EFFLUENT CLASS †¢ FASHION CONSCIOUS CLASS - 1994 - MISS UNIVERSE SUSHMITA SEN, MISS WORLD AISHWARYA RAI †¢ TALENTED INDIAN FASHION DESIGNERS MARIMEKKO CAN UTILIZE INDIA DIVERSE COUNTRY - MARIMEKKO DIVERSE COMPANY India is a very diverse countryRead MoreFinancial Risks Of Online Banking1683 Words   |  7 Pagestheir payment and transaction rules in the hope of thwarting the criminal and fraud activity and to stay ahead. The fraudsters are never far behind as they constantly shift their focus from the well defended to less defended targets or the weakest links in the market. With time to market pressures the banks often launch new products and services without adequate safeguards or defence. Indeed, the newness of the services, and the unknowns about how fraudulent and legitimate users will behave, makesRead MoreEssay about Sports Born in the Victorian Era1460 Words   |  6 Pages The weight of the discus and shot put were heavier than the ones today but they still had the same concept. The Victorian era also had the popular game soccer that was played with many similarities to now a day’s game. Soccer is a game played between two teams of 11 players, the object is to shoot a round ball into the opponents goal by kicking or hitting the ball with any part of the body other than the hand or arm. If the ball hits the arm of hand then it is a penalty. Soccer developed as anRead MoreSocial Equality And Political Freedom1563 Words   |  7 PagesA) It is unsurprising that social equality and political freedom are positively correlated with environmental protection and sustainability. This is observed as as environmental problems bear down disproportionately upon the poor, who do not share the same equalities and freedoms as others (Agyeman et al., p. 1). This relationship exists due to increased political power enjoyed by the wealthy and required corporate profit maximization for shareholders. Political power and voracious desire for profits

Natural Resource Requiring Intervention †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Natural Resource Requiring Private Intervention? Answer: Introduction To register success on a start-up project, it is essential to have the support of the government and legal authorities. Sadly many the public has developed a bad reputation related to government departments and authorities due to rampant instances of corruption in the past but today many governments are changing their system of governance. The government actually offers many opportunities to entrepreneurs but to exploit them the individual or business must approach the government or department and pursue the projects. ABC ALOE GEL will be heavily dependent on the government and legal authorities to execute its business plan(Auerswald, 2012, p. 56). This is due to ABC ALOE GEL having identified an area which the government is searching for investors and stakeholders from the private and corporate sector to invest towards and assist the government managing the resource. Government Owned Natural Resource Requiring Private Intervention One of the biggest mistakes young entrepreneurs do while planning to start up a new business is looking at what others are doing and attempting to follow the crowd. This is the wrong approach to business, and entrepreneurs should be able to research the market and identify products and services which offer high demand then research on ways they can be manufactured, produced and supplied to the consumer. Business ideas which already have many entrepreneurs pursuing them are likely to fail due to low profits and limited customers. Instead one can research on areas which governments are seeking investors. Those areas and resources are usually ignored which makes it easier to establish a business and register higher success and profits as compared to conventional businesses(Sterner Coria, 2013). In ABC ALOE GELs situation the main resource is wastelands which are abundantly available and most government and local authorities are willing to lease them out for free so as to get them rehab ilitated and productive. Such resources require to be exploited as the number of investors in the field is limited thus reducing completion on the business and allowing for freedom to expand rapidly without the requirement to invest heavily on a project(Barbier, 2007, p. 300). Aloe Vera is a drought resistant crop which makes it a versatile crop which can be cultivated on the arid land using minimal compost, manure, water and labour and still be able to register attractive harvests. Licencing and Legal Paper Work Its important for all businesses to first register themselves and has all required paper work in order before starting up its operations. This makes the business a registered entity with the government and makes it legal of the business to approach the government and legal authorities regarding different projects and concerns(Steingold, 2017). ABC ALOE GEL intends to present a wasteland rehabilitation proposal to the government which shall be evaluated and reviewed before acceptance but this will only be possible f the business is legally registered. While the business may be able to gain access to wastelands for free under lease agreements with the concerned government ministry, taxation will still comply once income from the project begins being generated. Business Registration The first license ABC ALOE GEL would require securing is the business registration certificate. This certificate is very easy to secure and purposely kept affordable for all businesses. In certain countries, it is free of charge and aimed at registering businesses so the government can census the number, type, and income generated by businesses in the economy. Trade licence ABC ALOE GEL would then require securing a trade license which is important as it authorizes the business to trade in specified products and services. This license helps identify specific products and services which he business deals in thus allowing the government inspectors to monitor and inspect the businesses operation to determine if they are conducting business under their registered domain or are indulging in the trade or other products or services which may not be legal or authorizes. Trade licenses can always be revised but this will require the authorized government officer from the concerned department to undertake an inspection and approve the trade license application based on certain trade licensing criteria and guideline. Horticultural Licence ABC ALOE GEL intends on cultivating Aloe Vera which falls under the horticultural farm produce and therefore requires the business to also apply and secure a horticultural license. This required for the concerned officer to visit and inspect the cultivated area and assess the approached used to cultivate. This is also important as this would be a wasteland rehabilitation project thus the officer would require preparing a progress report which shall be monitored by the wasteland management authority who will report the projects progress. The inspection also evolutions and monitors the use of harmful and toxic chemicals which may be harmful the flora and fauna in the surrounding areas as well as the underground waterbed. Pollution Management Certification Pollution has become a major concern in the 21st century and ABC ALOE GEL will also have to comply with pollution management norms and guidelines. This requires for ABC ALOE GEL to identify and manage different environmental pollutants that may be generated on the project and ensure they have been properly disposed of. Petroleum products, polythene bags, compost, and fertilizer is all pollutants which would all require proper management to avoid damaging the environment further. Processing and Packaging Licencing To maximize profits ABC ALOE GEL would also be processing the aloe and packaging the gel for sale which would require the business to obtain the relevant processing and packaging licenses. Licencing certifies that ABC ALOE GEL has authorized machinery and technologies to process and package the Aloe gel while maintaining high standards. It also helps deliver assurance that ABC ALOE GEL is abiding by processing and packaging norms related to quality, measurement, storage, and labelling during the packaging process. Health and Safety Licences ABC ALOE GEL must comply with health and safety norms which ensure their employees and customers safety while working with or using the products. Hazards and risk management, health awareness and safety guidelines must all be followed making it important for ABC ALOE GEL to also get a Health and Safety inspection and license approvals so as to ensure smooth operations. Transport Licencing Once processed the finished aloe gel would also require being transported to the consumer, the transportation procedure can undertake by either ABC ALOE GEL or the customer. In situations where ABC ALOE GEL undertakes the transportation process, they would require having the relevant product movement permits and other applicable licenses to transport the gel. Utilize Government Department, Facilities, and Utilities Most governments have dedicated staff manning various departments scattering to different needs and operations(Georgopoulos, Hoekman, Mavroidis, 2017). ABC ALOE GEL must utilize and maintain communication and interactions with the entire department so as to improve their operations and performance. Ministry of Land and Natural resources One of the primary ministries and departments ABC ALOE GEL would be dealing with is the Ministry of Land and Natural resources due to the project intending to utilize wastelands. This would require the Managing Director to prepare a proposal and meet the concerned officials related to the wasteland reclamation proposal. ABC ALOE GEL will need to make a proposal and approach the ministry as well as report to the concerned department and officials regarding the set project goals and achievement throughout the entire lease period. This would also include applications of additional wasteland lease to expand the businesses operations making it the most important government department ABC ALOE GEL must retain communication and interactions with throughout the project Ministry of Agriculture The ministry of agriculture is another important department which ABC ALOE GEL would require to maintain constant communication with throughout the project. This is due to the ministry needing to evaluate and provide important insight and advice related to the aloe Vela plantations. It also allows the officials to study, research and monitor the project thus developing new agricultural approaches which can be communicated to farmers with regard to wasteland management and Aloe Vera farming. Revenue and Tax Department ABC ALOE GEL must also maintain close communication with the ministry of revenue and taxation. ABC ALOE GEL must be able to be accountable for income generated from the project and pay the relevant taxes. Other Government Departments and Facilities ABC ALOE GEL must be able to communicate and interact with all concerned department as each will have some connection to the business and project. All formalities and paperwork must be completed which would ensure ABC ALOE GEL operations are known and recognized by most government departments and officials. Conclusion For any business to achieve success and smooth operations it is critical that the business maintain a close relationship with government authorities and legal requirements. Governments institutions remain the cornerstone for every business thus it is vital that government ministries and department are directly involved in every project. It is also critical to ensure all government norms are addressed which makes the business legal and protected from nepotism which allows the business to operate and function freely and grow rapidly. References Auerswald, P. (2012). The Coming Prosperity: How Entrepreneurs Are Transforming the Global Economy. New York: Oxford University Press. Barbier, E. (2007). Natural Resources and Economic Development. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Georgopoulos, A., Hoekman, B., Mavroidis, P. (2017). The Internationalization of Government Procurement Regulation. New York: Oxford University Press. Steingold, F. (2017). Legal Guide for Starting Running a Small Business. Nolo. Sterner, T., Coria, J. (2013). Policy Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Management. Oxon: Routledge.

Translation Errors in the English Version of Tourism Publications free essay sample

Although many tourism publications have English translations interspersed between passages of Chinese, the quality of these translated texts is not so satisfying. Some postgraduates are often engaged in translating Chinese into English; therefore, as an English teacher, the author thinks it is necessary to discuss the errors in these translation works so as to develop good English taste among students. As for the errors in translation, there are linguistic errors and pragmatic errors. Linguistic errors, violating the language rule of English, cover such errors as spelling mistakes, subject-verb disagreements and so on. Linguistic errors are usually caused by the translator’s linguistic incompetence. In addition, each text is not purely a linguistic phenomenon, but â€Å"must be seen in terms of communication function, as a unit embedded in a given situation, and as part of a broader socio-cultural background† (Hornby, 2001,69). Since translation is regarded as an activity of intercultural communication, if the translator ignores the shift of the social and cultural situations, the transfer of pragmatic rules from his native language to the target language will lead to various pragmatic failures or errors during the inter-cultural communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Translation Errors in the English Version of Tourism Publications or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, pragmatic transfer is the main cause of pragmatic failures or errors, which can be classified into two categories: pragmalinguistic failure and sociopragmatic failure. Different from linguistic errors, the pragmatic failure or error conforms to the language rule and can be detected only in the context. In translation, pragmatic failures or errors are usually attributed to the ignorance of the translator toward the intentions of the source text sender and expectations and conventions of the target readers. Translation errors occur when a particular expression becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it is supposed to achieve. As to the English version of tourism publications, the translation errors can be classified into three categories: linguistic translation errors, pragmatic translation errors and cultural translation errors. 1. Linguistic Errors A glance at the English versions of these beautifully printed tourism publications will surely make you shocked by the numerous linguistic errors in them. Here the linguistic errors refer to no more than the lexical and grammatical errors, including misspelled words, inappropriate punctuation marks, misused words, and ill-constructed sentences as well, which are easy to be spotted. Lexical errors cover spelling mistakes, inappropriate punctuation marks, misused words and words collocations. Lexical errors are due to translator’s carelessness and ignorance; therefore they can be reduced without any difficulties. Grammatical errors cover the ill-structured sentences and all the other syntax structures that fail to function properly, such as subject-verb agreement errors, noun morphology errors, and verb-morphology errors etc. An ungrammatical sentence will cost readers more time to identify than a lexical error. At the same time, grammar mistakes always result in the unreadability of the text. Unfortunately, grammatical errors can be frequently seen in the English version of tourism publications, as displayed in the following short paragraph: Example 1 Forest resources is rich there with 120-odd plants, 600-odd herbs, hence a natural botanical gardens. Spread over hills everywhere, ever-green; In early spring is yellow; In may like snow is white; In late autumn is red; Like graceful maiden in summer is five-leaved chaste tree; In winter is red fruits. It is shocking that the short paragraph suffers so many mistakes that it completely lost readability. The first sentence violates the subject-verb agreement rule with the plural subject â€Å"resources† and the singular verb â€Å"is†. In addition, in common sense it is unmatchable between â€Å"forest resources † and â€Å"a natural botanical garden†. It is much worse that the following sentences are so ill constructed that they are unreadable and cannot be identified at all. 2. Pragmatic Translation Errors Most of the tourism publications are translated word for word and sentence for sentence. Therefore, even if a translation is lexically and grammatically right after careful correction, it often suffers pragmatic translation errors caused by inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as a lack of receiver orientation (which means the translator translates the source text without taking into account the target readers). The translator has to take account of the fact that a piece of information that might be â€Å"trivial† to the source text recipient, because of his source-cultural background knowledge, may be unknown to the target text recipient because of his target-cultural background knowledge-or vice versa† (Nord, 1991, 97). In the English version of tourism publications, the pragmatic errors are usually triggered by a bunch of cultural terms and proper names, which often hinder English-speaking readers from thoroughly understanding the text. 2. Pragmatic Translation Errors Caused by Cultural Terms Cultural terms, regarded as the vehicles of culture, refer to words and expressions peculiar to a certain culture, such as feudal emperors and dynasties, historical figures, idioms, allusions, etc. As the translator takes it for granted that English readers can understand the cultural terms concerned in tourism publications, he gives no further explanations or other references. As a matt er of fact, most of English readers, who lack the background knowledge about Chinese culture, are unable to appreciate these translations. The pragmatic translation errors are displayed in the following example: The carved stone is made up of the central parts of two characters â€Å"Wind† and â€Å"Moon†. Therefore the two characters are â€Å"without edges† or â€Å"boundless†. That means beautiful scenes here are boundless. The Chinese version, representing the uniqueness of Chinese culture, can be well enjoyed by Chinese readers. This part is also considered as a great challenge for translators, for foreigners don’t know Chinese characters and can’t understand the cultural connotations embedded in them. In the English version, though the translator endeavors to represent the original meaning of the source text by adding explanations, he still fails to make foreigners catch the cultural information embedded in the Chinese characters â€Å" †. After reading the English version, foreigners may understand that the view of this place is very beautiful, but may still have no clear idea about the carved characters on the stone, for they can by no means associate the â€Å"wind† and â€Å"moon† with â€Å"scenery† as Chinese people do. 2. Pragmatic Errors Caused by Proper Names Pragmatic translation errors can also be caused by the proper names translated into Pinyin, which, to English readers who know little about Chinese culture, would be no more than a mess of signs without any meaning. For instance: Example 3 There are many historical and cultural relics in Rizhao. The Ruins of Liangcheng and Donghaiyu are typical of the Longshan Culture more than 4,000 years ago. The pictograph of the Dawenkou Culture discovered along the Lingyang River was one of the oldest Chinese characters. The cliff inscriptions in Heshan were carved in the largest Chinese characters, and have been registered in the Guiness Records. Dinglin Temple where the famous literary theorist and critic Liu Xie, the author of Wen Xin Diao Long, proofread the Buddhist scriptures is situated inside the Fulai Mountain, known for its ancient culture. In the English version of 97 words (including punctuation marks) appears 10 Pinyins, only half of which can be understood as names of cities, rivers, temples, mountains or the literary critic in the text. The rest half of the proper names are inaccessible even to Chinese readers, let alone foreign tourists. For example, readers can find nothing in the text that can shed light on these two terms Donghaiyu and Liangcheng. The translation of proper names is a complex issue that can’t be tackled within a short chapter. However, as to the translation of proper names in the tourism text, it seems that Pinyin alone doesn’t work very efficiently. 3. Cultural Translation Errors Cultural translation errors are caused by an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions. Impacted by Chinese writing conventions, the English versions are always composed in a stereotyped way, which finds its expression in such aspects as cover-all contents and formal style, pompous diction and so on. Such stereotyped writings, unconventional to English readers, always result in misunderstanding. 3. Cultural Translation Errors Caused by Coverall Contents and Formal Style Cultural translation errors can be triggered by the coverall contents and formal writing style; namely, the English versions are inclined to cover all the things, necessary or unnecessary, in very formal languages. With detailed and formal description on every aspect of the place in question, ranging from locations, climate, transportations, food, facilities, hotels, to policies and economic issues, the English versions of tourism publications look like official repo rts lacking attraction. In addition, the stereotyped content and the structure of the text can be predicted even without reading it through. Such problems occur in almost every tourism publication issued by the official bureaus and agencies we have collected. However, due to different patterns of thought, these stereotyped writings cannot be well accepted by English readers, who, preferring the informal and succinct writing, would feel bored to read such long, flat and document-like texts. Thus the translator’s efforts proved to be no avail at all.

Extended Definitions in Essays and Speeches

Extended Definitions in Essays and Speeches In a paragraph, essay, or speech, an extended definition is an explanation and/or illustration of a word, thing, or concept. An extended definition, says Randy Devillez, can be as short as a paragraph or two or as long as several hundred pages (such as a legal definition of obscene) (Step by Step College Writing, 1996). As B.F. Clouse explains below, an extended definition can also serve a persuasive purpose. See Examples and Observations below. 60 Essay Topics: Extended DefinitionDefinitionHorismus Etymology From the Latin, boundary Examples of Extended Definitions A Definition of a Gentleman, by John Henry NewmanA Definition of a Jerk, by Sydney J. HarrisGifts, by Ralph Waldo EmersonHappiness, by Nikos KazantzakisLists and Anaphora in Nikki Giovannis View of HomeThe Meaning of Home, by John Berger Observations An extended definition may explain the words etymology or historical roots, describe sensory characteristics of something (how it looks, feels, sounds, tastes, smells), identify its parts, indicate how something is used, explain what it is not, provide an example of it, and/or note similarities or differences between this term and other words or things.Introduction to an Extended Definition: FamilyWe are all aware that family is a word which eludes definition, as do other important things, like nation, race, culture, gender, species; like art, science, virtue, vice, beauty, truth, justice, happiness, religion; like success; like intelligence. The attempt to impose a definition on indeterminacy and degree and exception is about the straightest road to mischief I know of, very deeply worn, very well traveled to this day. But just for the purposes of this discussion, let us say: one’s family are those toward whom one feels loyalty and obligation, and/or from whom one derives iden tity, and/or to whom one gives identity, and/or with whom one shares habits, tastes, stories, customs, memories. This definition allows for families of circumstance and affinity as well as kinship, and it allows also for the existence of people who are incapable of family, though they may have parents and siblings and spouses and children. An Extended Definition of DamnedYoure all damned! Damned! Do you ever stop to think what that word means? No, you dont. It means endless, horrifying torment! It means your poor, sinful bodies stretched out on red-hot gridirons in the nethermost, fiery pit of hell, and those demons mocking ye while they wave cooling jellies in front of ye. You know what its like when you burn your hand, taking a cake out of the oven, or lighting one of them godless cigarettes? And it stings with a fearful pain, aye? And you run to clap a bit of butter on it to take the pain away, aye? Well, Ill tell ye: therell be no butter in hell!Composing an Extended Definition of DemocracySometimes, . . . particularly when we are thinking seriously about a complicated concept, such as democracy, we use a definition as the basis for an entire theme; that is, we write what may be called an extended definition.Purposes of an Extended DefinitionMore often than not, an extended definition informs. Sometimes you inform by clarifying something that is complex. . . . A definition can also inform by bringing the reader to a fresh appreciation of something familiar or taken for granted... Sources Stephen Reid,  The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers, 2003 Marilynn Robinson, Family.  The Death of Adam: Essays on Modern Thought. Houghton Mifflin, 1998 Ian McKellen as Amos Starkadder in  Cold Comfort Farm, 1995 Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren,  Modern Rhetoric, 3rd ed. Harcourt, 1972 Barbara Fine Clouse,  Patterns for a Purpose. McGraw-Hill, 2003

Euthanasia or mercy killing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Euthanasia or mercy killing - Essay Example If other people especially family members have greatly contributed towards one’s success, and one has not retaliated to improve their lives, you have a duty to die. When one becomes incapacitated to the extent that he/she cannot maintain the social fabric that has been holding the relationship together, he has a duty to die. For instance, if he has been making people happy by singing and he cannot sing any more due to illness or other factors, the relationship between him and the acquaintances is likely to weaken. In addition, in the event of living a reckless lifestyle such that nothing is saved for future medication or old age, one has the duty to die. It is irresponsible to be less concerned with one’s owns health only to rely on others when the disaster hits (Hardwig 12). Less likelihoods of the duty to die occurs when one can courageously cope with their own sicknesses or incapacitated condition rendering the patient less time, energy and resources in care giving. On the same note, some diseases will have to cost the caregivers despite the courage and strength the patient shows in trying to withstand the situation. When relatives or family members have to suffer or be very grieved because of the support you have been offering to their lives both material and moral, there is less likelihood on the duty to die. Hardwig, again, argues that the duty to die is very real and possible and wonders the bioethics dismissal of the claim. It is the individualistic fallacies that drive us to think that we have no duty to die. Human beings are held together by kinship ties and the decisions we make impacts others. We share houses, finances, successes, as well as... The essay refers to John Hardwig, who says that there is always a duty to die. There are circumstances that increase the likelihood of the duty to die; one’s illness, history and age. He gives several considerations that clarify the definition of the duty to die. First, if prolonging life will pose more burdens to relatives including loss jobs, financial challenges and emotional stress to the caregivers, there is a very high degree of the likelihood to die. The essay brings a contradictory point now. If people have lived a very poor and difficult life, they have not enjoyed a satisfactory share of what life has to offer, especially as a result of their own flaws, they have a duty to die. Less likelihoods of the duty to die occurs when one can courageously cope with their own sicknesses or incapacitated condition rendering the patient less time, energy and resources in care giving. The essay comes back to Hardwig, who argues that the duty to die is very real and possible and wo nders the bioethics dismissal of the claim. As defined earlier in this essay, the ultimate goal of euthanasia is an act that is intended to shorten the patient’s life medically with the aim of relieving his suffering. In conclusion, shows that the issue of euthanasia will continue to elicit widespread debate owing to its implications on religious, moral and ethical considerations. John Hardwig raises a fundamental yet weighty debate by claiming that people have a duty to die in spite of their common objection to such an idea.

Strategic Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Marketing - Research Paper Example The analysis of the competitive environment of Skoda shows that, there is a very high threat of new entrants. The major competitors in the Super mini segment in the UK car industry in recent times are Corsa, Fiesta, Clio, 206 and Punto. Among the main competitors the inter-firm rivalry is very high. High competition gives rise to stiff rivalry. In this situation if we analyze the strengths of Skoda cars, we can know that the company has a very strong brand image. The brand image is created through its strong reliability and quality and good performance statistics. The strong brand image has resulted in increasing market share and profits. The following graph shows the growth in the market share of Skoda cars: The strong market position has resulted in a very low threat of substitutes. The image of Skoda cars has taken a drastic change, from a very dull model to a sexy car. Hence, this has made the bargaining power of the consumers very low. The strong product features combined with the effective advertising strategy has made the consumers turn their focus away from the price tag. The distribution network of the company is very strong because of strategic alliances and partnerships with dealers and suppliers. The strong market position has brought down the bargaining power of the suppliers and the company has benefitted by consolidating its supply chain which is very essential in maintaining the quality of the product. It is obvious that in any ... If the customer likes a product/ service, then the company starts to grow and its relative strengths also tend to increase and the company strives to serve the customer better and this becomes a cycle. In case of Skoda cars, the same argument holds good. The quality of the car speaks high about the company which is obvious in its financial results and this has increased its bargaining power of the company with its suppliers. Also the preference of the consumers towards the car has increased which has further increased its bargaining power with the consumers. But the point that has to be taken into consideration is that, there is a very high level of rivalry among the existing firms and also there is a high threat of new competition. The five forces suggested by Porter has to be combined with SWOT analysis, to adopt differentiation as its main strategy to stay ahead of competitors. The differentiation now planned by the company is regarding the research and development. Skoda has abou t 1300 engineers dedicated to develop new trendy designs taking into consideration the nature of Asian and Eastern Europe. In future the company has to focus on its strength of design and performance to have competitive advantage. Also it has to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of its competitors and has to combine with its own strengths to develop a differentiation strategy. COMPANY'S RESOURCES The analysis of the current resources of the company to develop a sustainable competitive strategy is very essential. The following are some of the resources that the company has which can be used to develop a strategy to maintain a sustainable competitive advantage: The company has a very long history of developing fine designs. Its

Conflict Resolution Essay Example for Free

Conflict Resolution Essay Merriam-Webster (n.d) defines conflict as, â€Å"the opposition of persons or forces that gives rise to the dramatic action in a drama or fiction†. Interpersonal conflicts, whether they are between family members, students and teachers, employees and supervisors, or groups, have certain elements in common. Coser (1967) asserts that conflict is a struggle over values and claims to scarce status, power, and resources, in which the aims of the opponents are to neutralize, injure, or eliminate the rivals. (p. 8) Coser’s definition grew out of the cold war, when conflict between the United States and the former U. S.S.R. dominated Western method to conflict. Conflict was viewed as a win-lose solution. According to Dana (2001) there are only three ways to resolve any conflict; power contests, rights contests, and interest’s reconciliation. Power contest is based on Coser’s (1967) win-lose situation. Each party views their point as right each wanting power over the other. Rights contest is an orderly system which has rules, regulations, policies, precedents and a hierarchy of authority which is used in order to â€Å"win† again this model is a win-lose resolution. The solution to conflict resolution is interest reconciliation. This approach enlists support from both parties to find the best solution. All parties win with interest reconciliation model as their solution. Conflict in the workplace is a condition between or among two or more workers whose jobs are independent, who feel angry, who perceive the other(s) as being at fault, and act in a way that causes a business problem. Conflict has three elements feelings (emotions), perceptions (thoughts) and actions (behaviors). â€Å"Psychologists consider these three the only dimensions of human experience. So, conflict is rooted in all parts of the human nature† (Dana, 2001, p. 5) some confuse conflict with indecision, disagreement, stress, or some other common experience that may cause or be caused by a conflict. However, those elements are not best handled by conflict resolution. The question many ask, is conflict normal? Conflict is a fact of any organizational life. On the job, conflict is a stubborn fact of organizational life (Kolb and Putnam, 1992, p. 311). Rather than seeing conflict as abnormal, Pondy (1992) suggests we view organizations as arenas for staging conflicts, and managers as both fight promoters who organize bouts and as referees who regulate them (p. 259). In addition, Pondy states that in the company, agency, or small business, conflict may be the very essence of what the organization is about, and if conflict isnt happening then the organization has no reason for being (p. 259). One study surveyed workers and found that almost 85 percent reported conflicts at work (Volkema and Bergmann 1989). With an increasing awareness of cultural diversity and gender equity issues, it is essential that employees become familiar with issues surrounding promotions and harassment. In fact, one can see training in organizations as a form of preventive conflict management (Hathaway, 1995). The recognition of the frequency of conflict at work has led to books on mediating conflict in the workplace (Yarbrough and Wilmot 1995), showing how managers can learn conflict management skills to intervene in disputes in their organization. As employees, daily work with clients, customers, co-workers, or bosses can be a struggle. Conflict is as Wilmot (1995) wrote, What determines the course of a relationship . . . is in a large measure determined by how successfully the participants move through conflict episodes (p. 95). Conflict resolution has five styles, giving in, avoiding, fight it out, comprise, and work together style. No style is right or wrong; however some do work better than others. Accommodation, giving in to the others wishes or smoothing waves sacrifices ones own goals for the sake of the other person. Accommodators often use phrases like: Whatever you want is fine with me. When one party in a conflict genuinely does not care about the outcome of the conflict, accommodation may be the right choice for that situation. However, if accommodation is the only style a person utilizes, he or she is advised to learn more skills. Avoidance is characterized by behaviors that either ignore or refuse to engage in the conflict. While avoidance is by some consider a negative style that shows low concern for both ones own and the other partys interests, there are sometimes strategic reasons to avoid conflict. For example, when the relationship is short-term and the issue is not important or when the situation has a potential to escalate to violence, avoidance may be the prudent choice. Fight it out, competition, or win/lose, style maximizes reaching ones own goals or getting the problem solved at the cost of the others goals or feelings. While always choosing competition has negative repercussions for relationships, businesses and cultures, it can occasionally be the right style to choose if the other party is firmly fixed in a competitive style or there are limited resources. While competitive strategy is not necessarily dysfunctional, competition can easily slip into a destructive situation. Understanding the methods and strategies of others who use competitive styles can assist conflict managers in neutralizing the negative consequences of competition and work toward a mutual gain approach. Compromise is a give and take of resources. The classic compromise in negotiating is to split the difference between two positions. While there is no victor from compromise, each person also fails to achieve her or his original goal. Finally, working together to collaborate is when parties cooperatively team up until a mutually agreeable solution is found. Compromise and collaboration are win-win solution where as the other styles are win-lose. Why do people avoid dealing with conflict? People have a natural instinct of fear and some let that fear overpower them. The fear of harm causes people to fight-or-flight. Individuals will choose the flight option when in a dangerous part of a city that they have never been in before in order to avoid danger, it shows wisdom or strength to get out a of physically abusive relationship, commendable to stay out emotionally abusive relationships. In spite of this, in some cases people have the response to flight to a false perception of harm. People overstress in their minds the emotional h arm that someone can cause harm. The same is said for conflict in the workplace, people will avoid conflict for fear of being harmed by others. Some avoid conflict because of a fear of rejection from others. These individuals feel others will withdraw their friendship or push them away causing more hurt. People have the perception if they do not risk rejection they can suppress their needs and feelings. Loss of relationship is the fear of rejection taken up a level they fear totally losing a relationship. Others avoid conflict to mask their true desires because preserving a relationship is more important than getting what they want. These individuals are trapped into believing their worth is dependant on another accepting them. People avoid conflict for fear of anger. These people do not like listening to someone who is angry. They believe another will hurt them, reject them, or leave them, and they just cannot stand to witness anger. However, anger is just anger and it is not necessarily directed toward them. Individuals do not want to be seen as selfish. In some situations people are not afraid of others reactions, but rather their interpretation of the situation. They fear that they will appear selfish. However, is it wrong to have a need, feeling, or want and to express it? Society has sometimes had it seem that way. Although, there is nothing wrong with asking for what individuals want versus feeling they are entitled to always getting what they want. The truth is if one never asks, then they are depriving people around them from being able give to them effectively. Still, people who feel their wants should not be fulfilled, regardless of what others want, fall into the selfishness category. Sometimes people avoid conflict for fear of saying the wrong thing or something they will regret. Individuals will avoid conflict rather than risk putting â€Å"their foot in their mouth† they contain their anger and frustration which often leads to that which they fear. When people have conflicts in the past that have failed so they avoid future conflict for the fear of failing those too and begin to believe the confrontation is not worth the em otional energy it takes to deal with others. The fear of failing can impact other aspects of ones life. The fear of hurting another is more than just saying the wrong thing. These individuals are extremely sensitive and caring. They would rather hurt themselves than risk hurting another. The fear of success is a fear that most over look. However, it is much like the fear of failure. Some people are afraid to get what they want; they believe they will never get it. These people feel they do not deserve what they want, the consequences of getting of what they want is regret, or the responsibility is more than they need or desire. The fear of intimacy is the most subconscious of the fears. People do not want to share their dreams, desires, and wants with others. They feel they are private and do not want to be exposed. People do not want to appear weak. If resolution involves giving in, avoiding, or compromise they may feel they appear as though they do not have confidence. People do not want the stress of confrontation. They feel it is better to avoid conflict rather than deal with the stress it will cause them in the workplace between co-workers. Our society tends to reward alternative responses to conflict, rather than negotiation. People, who aggressively pursue their needs, competing rather than collaborating, are often satisfied by others who prefer to accommodate. Managers and leaders are often rewarded for their aggressive, controlling approaches to problems, rather than taking a more compassionate approach to issues that may seem less decisive to the public or their staffs. Conflict resolution requires profound courage on the part of all parties: It takes courage to honestly and clearly express one’s needs, and it takes courage to sit down and listen to one’s adversaries. It takes courage to look at one’s own role in the dispute, and it takes courage to approach others with a sense of empathy, openness and respect for their perspective. Collaborative approaches to conflict management require individuals to engage in the moment of dialogue in thoughtful and meaningful ways, so it is understandable if people tend to avoid such situations until the balance of wisdom tips in favor of negotiation. People have certain perceptions in conflict when dealing with different situations. Culture shapes and frames each individuals interpretation of appropriate behaviors during conflicts. Conflict across cultures, whether across nations or across the diverse cultures within a country, exacerbates the routine difficulties of conflict management (Fry and Bjorkqvist, 1997). There is no clear conclusion about whether men and women actually behave in different ways while conducting conflicts. However, gender stereotypes do affect conflict behaviors when individuals act and react based on stereotypes of how men and women will/should act rather than selecting behaviors appropriate for the individual one is communicating with (Borisoff and Victor, 1997). Parties respond to conflicts on the basis of the knowledge they have about the issue at hand. This includes situation-specific knowledge and general knowledge. The understanding of the knowledge they have can influence the persons willingness to engage in efforts to manage the conflict, either reinforcing confidence to deal with the dilemma or undermining ones willingness to flexibly consider alternatives. The person sharing the message is considered to be the messenger. If the messenger is perceived to be a threat (powerful, scary, unknown, etc.) the message can influence others responses to the overall situation being experienced. For example, if a big scary-looking guy is yelling at people they may respond differently than if a diminutive, calm person would express the same message. Additionally, if the people knew the messenger previously, they might respond differently based upon that prior sense of the person’s credibility. People are more inclined to listen with respect to someone they view more credible than if the message comes from someone who lacks credibility and integrity. Some people have had significant life experiences that continue to influence their perceptions of current situations. These experiences may have left them fearful, lacking trust, and reluctant to take risks. On the other hand, previous experiences may have left them confident, willing to take chances and experience the unknown. Either way, one must acknowledge the role of previous experiences as elements of their perceptual filter in the current dilemma. These factors, along with others, work together to form the perceptual filters through which people experience conflict. As a result, their reactions to the threat and dilemma posed by conflict should be anticipated to include varying understandings of the situation. This also means that they can anticipate that in many conflicts there will be significant misunderstanding of each others perceptions, needs and feelings. These challenges contribute to our emerging sense, during conflict, that the situation is overwhelming and unsolvable. As such, they become critical sources of potential understanding, insight and possibility. How do people respond to conflict? There are three responses to conflict emotional, cognitive and physical responses that are important windows into our experience during conflict, for they frequently tell people more about what is the true source of threat that is perceived; by understanding the thoughts, feelings and behavior to conflict, a better insight into the best potential solution to the situation. Emotional (feelings) are the feelings we experience in conflict, ranging from anger and fear to despair and confusion. Emotional responses are often misunderstood, as people tend to believe that others feel the same as they do. Thus, differing emotional responses are confusing and, at times, threatening. Cognitive (thinking) are our ideas and thoughts about a conflict, often present as inner voices or internal observers in the midst of a situation. Through sub-vocalization (self-talk), people understand these cognitive responses. Physical (behavior) can play an important role in our ability to meet our needs in the conflict. They include heightened stress, bodily tension, increased perspiration, tunnel vision, shallow or accelerated breathing, nausea, and rapid heartbeat. These responses are similar to those we experience in high-anxiety situations, and they may be managed through stress management techniques. Establishing a calmer environment in which emotions can be managed is more likely if the physical response is addressed effectively. Dealing with someone unwilling to negotiate can be difficult for the person who is trying to resolve the conflict. However, the 8 Step Model can be very beneficial, by focusing first on listening to the other person, and seeking to understand the sources of their resistance, the stage can be set for clarifying the conditions he or she requires in order to talk things out. This is not about being right or wrong in the situation, but a practical strategy for getting the other person engaged as a partner in the negotiation process. Another alternative is to focus on things we can do to influence conflicts in the future, rather than putting initial energy into understanding (or solving) problems we have had in the past. By remaining relatively flexible about the agenda taking on topics individuals care about, but not necessarily the most pressing issues – thus, creating an opportunity to reduce the fears associated with resistance. While the conflict may not be able to be truly resolved, some key issues that exist will be managed and will help to prevent the issues from getting worse. Power is an important and complex issue facing anyone seeking a negotiated solution to a conflict. Before negotiating clarify the true sources of power in the room: The boss has position power, associated with the carrots and sticks that come with the role. She or he may also have coercive power, supported by contracts or statute that compels employees to behave in certain ways and do certain tasks associated with the job. Some may have a great deal of expertise power, accumulated from doing your job over a period of time. Either conflict participants may possess normative power, through which they know the lay of the land in their department and, therefore, how to get things done. And either may possess referent power, through which others show respect for the manner in which the employee conducts themselves. Generally, referent power accrues to those who demonstrate a mature willingness to seek collaborative solutions. An impasse is the sense of being stuck. Impasse is the point within a dispute in which the parties are unable to perceive effective solutions. People feel stuck, frustrated, angry, and disillusioned. Therefore, they might either dig their heels in deeper, anchoring themselves in extreme and rigid positions, or they might decide to withdraw from negotiation. Either way, impasse represents a turning point in our efforts to negotiate a solution to the conflict. As such, rather than avoiding or dreading it, impasse should be viewed with calmness, patience, and respect. Multi-party disputes are complex situations, and they require careful attention and persistence. However, the same 8 Step Model can be applied to the disputes. In spite of using the same process expect everything to take a bit longer than if there where only two or three people. Patiently make sure that all points of view are heard, that issues are clarified for all to see, and that all members in the group accept the agreements being negotiated. If there are limits to the groups decision-making power, then it is important to acknowledge those limits and understand how they are perceived by all members of the group. There are many different ideas of the steps for resolution, some claim five steps while others claim six or seven for the purpose of this paper Weeks (1992) eight step resolution style is identified. Step one – Create an Effective Atmosphere Creating the right atmosphere in which the conflict resolution process will take place is very important, yet most overlook its importance. The atmosphere is the frame around the canvas which will be painted the negotiations and building of better relationships (Weeks, 1992). Step two – Clarify Perceptions Perceptions are lenses through which a person sees themselves, others, their relationships, and the situations they encounter. Perceptions have a great influence on behavior of people. Once people perceive something in certain way, even if the perception is wrong, in the mind it is that way, and often base behaviors on that perception (Weeks, 1992). Step three – Focus on the Individual and Shared Needs This step builds on the previous step as needs as the conditions people perceive they cannot do without, those conditions critical to each persons wellbeing and relationships. However, step three focuses more on skills involved in the conflict partnership approach. There are several key points to keep in mind in this step. 1) Needs are the foundation of relationship and are an essential part of that foundation. 2) People sometimes confuse needs with desires. 3) Personal needs in relationships perceived by individuals must allow for respect of the needs or the relationship (Weeks, 1992). Step four – Build Shared Power Power is a part of every relationship. However, the way people perceive and use power is seen frequently as a dirty word. Such as when people use power as means to control or to manipulate some else to get what they want. Although, power is and of itself not corrupt, it is the way in which people use their power and whether they allow such power to corrupt. Developing positive self power through a clear self-image means that we base our perceptions of ourselves not on what others expect of us or want us to be but what we believe to be our own needs, capabilities, priorities and goals (Weeks, 1992, p. 152). Step five – Look to the Future, Then Learn from the Past. All relationships and conflicts have a past, present and future. Resolving conflicts requires dealing with all three. The conflict partnership process encourages the use of positive power to focus on the present-future to learn from the past. The past experiences people face set the landscape for present and future decision making and how relate to others (Weeks, 1992). Step six – Generate Options People have the ability to discover new possibilities in their relationships as well as conflict resolution. However, both are often impaired by the packaged truths and limited vision people hold onto in times of stress, insecurity, and conflict. Generating options breaks through the predetermined restrictions brought into the conflict resolution process. Generating options imparts choices which specific steps to resolve conflicts and enhanced relationship can be agreed upon (Weeks, 1992). Step seven – Develop â€Å"Doables†: the Stepping-stones to Action Doables are the necessary stepping-stones taken along the way to resolve conflict. Doables are explicit acts that stand a good possibility of success, meet some individual and shared need, and depend on positive power, usually shared power to be carried out. Working on and accomplishing some doables can help the conflict partners see more clearly where they need to go. Many conflict partners have changed their preconceived definitions of both the conflict itself and the expected outcome due to the lessons learned and clarified perceptions through working with doables (Weeks, 1992) Step eight – Make Mutual-Benefit Agreements Mutual-benefit agreements are the next step on the pathway to conflict resolution. Conflict resolution agreements must be realistic and effective enough to survive and the potential to develop further as challenges arise in the future. Mutual-benefit agreements replace the need or want for demands, see the others needs, shared goals, and establish a standard wherein power is identified as positive mutual action through which differences can be dealt with constructively (Weeks, 1992). Conclusion Conflict is an unavoidable aspect of everyday life whether it is with family, teachers, students, friends, or an organization. The best approach to resolving conflict is interest reconciliation. It joins both parties of the dispute to find the best solution. In so doing, all parties win. People respond to conflict in three ways emotional (feelings), cognitive (thinking), and physical (behavior). All are important to the conflict experience. They allow a better awareness to best furnish a solution to the situation. An important tactic to conflict resolution is to develop persuasion skills with the ability to clearly explain one’s point of view and to argue for their conclusions and convictions. Week’s Eight-Step Process is a valuable tool in helping people to become more strategic about resolving conflict. References Borisoff, D., and D. A. Victor., (1997). Conflict management: A communication skills approach, 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Conflict, (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conflict Coser, L. A. 1967. Continuities in the study of social conflict. New York: Free Press. Dana, D. (2001). Conflict resolution. New York: Mcgraw-Hill. Fry, D. P., and Bjorkqvist K., (1997). Cultural variation in conflict resolution. Mahwah, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hathaway, W., (1995). A new way of viewing dispute resolution training. Mediation Quarterly, 13(1), 37-45. doi:10.1002/crq.3900130105 Kolb, D. M., Putnam, L. L. (1992). The Multiple Faces of Conflict in Organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, (3), 311. doi:10.2307/2488478 Pondy, L. R. (1992). Reflections on organizational conflict. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(3), 257-261. Volkema, R. J., and Bergmann T. J., (1989). Interpersonal conflict at work: an analysis of behavioral responses. Human Relations 42: 757-770. Weeks, D. (1992). The eight essential steps to conflict resolution: preserving relationships at work, at home, and in the community. Los Angeles, J.P. Tarcher; New York: Distributed by St. Martins Press Wilmot, W. W. (1995). Relational communication. New York: McGraw-Hill. Yarbrough, E., and Wilmot W., (1995). Artful mediation: Constructive conflict at work. Boulder, Colo.: Cairns Publishing.

Problem With The Media Essay -- essays research papers

Problems with the Media There has been an ongoing dispute concerning the media's perception of how people are supposed to look. It seems that every year, the expectations of looking thin becomes harder and harder to meet. I know this from a personal experience of my own. A few years ago, I would look in magazines and see girls wearing size one or size two clothes. By look at this at least once every month, I started to feel that I was inadequate and I had to loose weight. Unfortunately, I took my dieting to far and over used diet pills. Because of my abuse to the pills, I almost became addicted and that's when I realized how distorted the media's idea of looking good was. Fortunately there are numerous amounts of people that agree with me. This would include a woman writer, Susan Bordo, who wrote about the media's ideas of being thin, and how she thinks that they are wrong In the essay "Never Just Pictures" by Susan Bordo, she discusses the issue of the media's promotion of being skinny and what affects this has brought. The media claims that the phobia of being fat is a disease that you are born with, but that is not always the case. Bordo, like many other people, believe that the media is mostly to blame. Bordo brings up a few arguments, such as Freud's opposing thoughts along with the ads cutting back the use of make-up, but never goes into Yarbrough 2 great detail with the opposing side. Throughout the essay, Bordo uses many examples, along with pictures, to help prove her point. By using her emotions, evidence, and experience as a writer on similar subjects, she reaches her audience and gives and effective and convincing argument. Bordo proves her creditability throughout the paper. She demonstrates that she is an intellectual woman with a grasp on current events. She mentions articles from highly renowned newspapers, such as The New York Times and The New Yorker, along with referring to newscasters' comments from the 1996 Olympic games. She also justifies the writing by mentioning her pervious work in the 1993's Unbearable Weight, where she discusses similar issues. The book, published by the University Press, shows that she had obvious academic knowledge and support. Bordo's targets an audience of younger to middle-aged women by using termi... ... though it might not seem completely fair, Bordo saves the media's responses and mentions them at the end. The reason why she does this is not only keep the reader interested but not going back and forth on the issue, but also build up the audiences agreement with her. This way she can get more response from her reader up against the press. When Bordo does mention the opposing side, anything that the media says and/or does just isn't good enough because they are causing people to get sick and sometimes die. This would force the audience to agree with her more, which is what she wants. Bordo does a great job with getting in touch with the reader. This article, however, is not very effective unless the reader cares about the issue before they pick it up and read it. She does a good job of arguing with the opposing sides, so if someone reads the article and their beliefs are against her beliefs; there is a possibility that they would change their minds. The reason for the possible change of heart from her lists of examples, her reasoning with it being backed up by media proof, and how much feeling she puts into the essay